(by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
Caffeic acid and its derivatives (chlorogenic acid its isomers) are most widespread in nature. There are great quantities of chlorogenic acid in grains of coffee, leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus L., Arnica montana L., Matricaria chamomilla L. In our researchers we used coffee berries of Arabica and Robusta sorts. As generally known, the extract of coffee berry has in the composition a high concentration of different polyphenols. Polyphenols that are antioxidants of coffee berry possess the highest ability to neutralization of free radical forms of oxygen and have anticancer effect. Basic organic acids are sources of polyphenols in composition of the extract of coffee berry: chlorogenic, quinine, ferulic acids. Polyphenols of coffee berries of two sorts Arabica and Robusta possess the wide spectrum of biological activity: the ability to prevent the processes of peroxide oxidization of lipids in biomembrane; the considerable potential of influence on the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and the
effect function of immunocompetented cells, and also are the inductors of apoptosis in cancer cells of different origin.
As a result of the researches conducted by us the method of receipt is developed, before unknown, polyphenol fraction SCAD/cr from a coffee berry (sort Robusta) which is preparation with specific chemical composition and certain correlation of polyphenol components.
A new method is distinguished by compatibleness, using of untoxic reagents and getting to 40 % pure eventual product for relatively short time. The results of coffee berry extract (fraction SCAD/cr) studying show for certain that its application in vivo with inoculated tumours of animals inhibits a new growth, development and progress of cancer cells and has similarly high activity as an antioxidant and an antimutagene. Thus, fraction SCAD/cr can be used also as an effective anticancer remedy that prevents the oncogenesis.
The chemical analysis of lipophile and «ether» fraction of coffee grains has been carried out. The quantitative determination of chlorophiles, carotenoids and flavonoids, organic acids, as well as the qualitative analysis of fluorescent components of the extracts by 3D-fluorescence method has been made. The antioxidant activities of extracts have been investigated, too. The pigment analysis has been made by spectrophotometric analysis, the concentration of organic acids was determined by potentiometric titration, and the antioxidant activity was estimated by chemilumiescence kinetics method. The spectrophotometer Hitachi U3210 was used for pigment analyses; chemiluminescence and 3D-fluorescence spectra were detected on Hitachi F4010 fluorimeter. We
did not make the quantitative analysis of individual pigments, only the analysis of sums of pigments was carried out. To make it, we used standard pigments: chlorophyll A – for sum of chlorophylls, β-carotene – for carotenoid sum, and quercetin – for flavonoid analysis. The analysis of the sum of organic acids was made according to methods published in Ukrainian State Standards, citric and chlorogenic acids were used as reference compounds. Antioxidant activity was estimated by rates of the chemiluminescence decays of phenyl ester of acridiniumcarboxylic acid according to method described in patent [Krzymiński K., Roshal A.D., Synchykova O.P., Sandomirsky B.P., Patent P-381661, Poland, prior. 01.02.2007].
Antioxidant activity of the concentrated extracts of polyphenols from a coffee "Arabica" and "Robusta" («ether» extract – EF (2), lipophile extract LF (3)) beside the activity of black currant extract (1), quercetin (4), 10 % solution of ascorbic acid (5), ascorutin (6) were depicted on figure 2.
The results obtained show that the LF contains a very low concentration of acids (0.23 % relatively the reference – chromogenic acid), however it contains carotenoids (2.51 mg/g) and some quantity of chlorophylls. Extract EF contains approximately 40 % mass of chlorogenic acid, and 1.76 mg/g of flavonoids that explains its cancerostatic and antioxidant activity. Moreover, there are additional positive effects due to other components of extracts: chlorophylls have antiseptic properties, ferulic, coffeic and other acids have bacteriostatic activity.
A research of ether and lipophilic extracts with the help of three-dimensional fluorescent spectroscopy permits to determine the presence of fluorescent components, typical of these extracts.
The method also permits to fix the dilution of terminal extracts with the other components and to detect the addition of the other ingredients, possessing their own fluorescent admixtures, to the extracts. In figures 3 and 4 three-dimensional spectra of the extracts are represented in 3-D variant and as a projection on plane of fluorescence excitation and emission wavelength – {λexc:λfl}.
As shown in figure 3, specific-purpose ether extract has complex three-dimensional spectrum, consisted at least of 8 peaks. It facilitates identification and authentication of this coffee extract when manufacturing
it in bulk. A number of the most intensive maculae with {λexc:λfl} coordinates – {340-350:425-435}, {340-350:440-445}, {250-260:425-435}, {250-260:340-360}, {350-365:420-450} is the most probably referred to flavonoid emission. Weak intensive macula {250-270:300-320} can be referred to caffeine fluorescence. Lipophilic extract spectrum demonstrates the presence of two closely situated intensive peaks and a number of peaks of lower intensity in the range of fluorescence 650-700 nm, which are probably referred to chlorophyll fluorescence.
Figure 3. Three-dimensional spectrum of ether extract fluorescence – 3-D variant (a), projection on plane {λexc:λfl} (b). Figure 4. Three-dimensional spectrum of lipophilic extract fluorescence – 3-D variant (a), projection on plane {λexc:λfl} (b).
Chlorogenic acid is a family of esters formed between certain trans cinnamic acids and (-)-quinic acid and is a major phenolic compound in coffee, found widespread in plants, and can be isolated from the leaves and fruit. This compound, long known as an antioxidant, also slows the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal. more...
...extract VE contains almost 40 % of the target product - chlorogenic acid that gives a considerable anticancerogenic activity... more...
...Chlorogenic Acid is an anti-cancer, anti-virus product. The research discovered that the chlorogenic acid can suppress the careinogen effectively in vivo, and decreace carcinogenic potential of virulent chemicals... more...
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